If you ever find that you’re asking yourself how to read and summarize a case, or perhaps are just in need of some grounded advice, then this is the article for you.
The practice of law is all about understanding how prior courts have considered your fact situation, applied the law, and ruled upon it. At any given time in any busy law practice, lawyers, paralegals, and law clerks alike will be asked to read and summarize cases pertaining to a particular client situation.
These summaries help determine strategy, identify precedent, and highlight potential weaknesses.
Every individual undoubtedly finds their own method for best understanding cases. We’ve assembled a list of the top 10 things legal professionals can do to maximize their efforts when faced with this important task.
Why do you need to brush up on how to read and summarize cases?
Reading and summarizing legal cases is paramount for attorneys due to its critical significance in our field.
We rely on this skill for comprehensive legal research, understanding and utilizing legal precedents, formulating case strategies, and counseling clients effectively.
Summarized cases serve as foundational elements in legal briefs and oral arguments, aiding attorneys in persuasively presenting their arguments in court.
Moreover, this skill enhances efficiency in time-critical situations, allowing attorneys to manage caseloads more effectively, and it also aligns with their ethical responsibilities, ensuring accuracy and completeness in client communication and court submissions.
The ability to read and summarize cases is a fundamental and versatile competency that underpins success and competence in the legal field.
In short, there’s no way around it, it’s very important!
How to read and summarize a case
Knowing how to read and summarize effectively is essential, and there’s nobody out there who’s perfect; we’ve all got something to learn in this regard.
From identifying key facts to breaking down complex legal arguments, my goal today is to equip you with the insights and know-how necessary to master the art of summarizing cases with confidence.
Whether you’re delving into a lengthy court opinion, dissecting a business case study, or simply trying to streamline your communication, join us as we examine some effective tips to summarize cases expertly for years to come.
By the end of this journey, you’ll be armed with the knowledge and techniques to summarize cases effectively and efficiently.
Let’s dive in!
1. Understand where the case comes from
Knowing which court decided the case you are summarizing is a critical step in case analysis. Let’s say, for example, that you’re working on an issue pertaining to California law.
You find a case that is perfectly on point but was decided by a Texas Appellate Court. While that case may still be useful for you to illustrate how other courts have handled your particular issue, it is unlikely the case will be binding on the court you’re practicing in.
To add another layer of complexity, you need to understand whether either case involves state or federal law. These issues can be extremely complicated. When in doubt, it’s good to have a primer on hand to help you decide if the case you’re reading is binding on your court.
2. Wrap your head around the parties
At first glance, it seems easy to understand who the parties are in a case. After all, their names appear at the very top of the page. The plaintiff is listed first, then the defendant, right? Be careful; that is not necessarily true.
In fact, most published cases come from appellate courts. The parties are thus listed as the “Appellant” (i.e., the party that lost in a lower court and is now appealing) and the “Respondent” (i.e., the party fighting the appeal).
The appellant may have been the defendant in the underlying proceeding. A few quick checks can confirm who’s who in any case; just make sure that you do so before you start reading the opinion.
3. Don’t skip the headings and subheadings
Think of the headings and subheadings as a roadmap to the case. Rather than skipping over them, you’d be wise to read them first, then go back and read the entirety of the case. Not only will this help you understand the opinion, it will also make you a better legal writer when you begin summarizing cases in writing.
4. Know how to determine if the case is “good law”
Finding the perfect case one that directly corresponds to your client’s facts and legal issues — can feel like finding a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.
Don’t get too excited until you check to make sure that case is still good law. If a later court has overturned the ultimate ruling, you’ll be misleading your reader (a partner, client, opposing counsel, or the judge) if you rely on that case to support your proposition.
Every case search tool has its own cite-checking tool. Google Scholar, for example, has a link in the upper left-hand corner of every case that reads “How Cited.” Click on that, and you’ll get links to all the other cases that have cited your case, along with flags if the case has been overturned or received other negative treatment.
5. Read the cases within the case
Sometimes, you read a case and find that while the holding is good for you, the underlying facts are just not quite right for your situation. Don’t give up. Most appellate decisions will cite multiple other opinions to support their thesis. Go read those other cases and see if they apply more directly to the issue you’re working on.
6. Don’t forget the footnotes
Many people who are new to summarizing and analyzing cases are tempted to skip over the footnotes. After all, if the court puts a notation in a footnote, that content must be an unimportant afterthought, right? Not so fast.
One of the most important principles in Constitutional jurisprudence was dropped in a footnote by Justice Harlan Stone in United States v. Carolene Products Company, 304 U.S. 144 (1938).
Reams of analysis have been written about that decision. Suffice it to say here, however, that in the now-infamous “Footnote 4,” Justice Stone announced a Constitutional standard of review known as “strict scrutiny.”
If a young legal professional had missed that footnote when later analyzing a law thought to violate the Constitution, the analysis would be completely off base.
7. Don’t forget your highlighter
Just as with any kind of preparation for a case, even the simplest of things can be a boon to your case summarizing success.
This is an issue of personal preference, of course, but sometimes highlighters can be a very useful case-reading tool.
For example, you can highlight key facts in one color and key legal principles in another.
Then, when you go back to do your summary, you can easily find the parts of the case that matter most. Just be sure to avoid common highlighting pitfalls.
8. Pay attention to the facts
Ultimately, you’ll want to understand the material facts that led the court to make its decision. A material fact is one that pertains directly to the law being applied. For example, if you are dealing with a criminal statute for burglary, it will generally prohibit one person entering the dwelling of another with the intent to commit a crime.
One material fact a court will have to deal with in that scenario is whether the criminal defendant entered a “dwelling.” What if a person breaks into a shed in a park? Is that a “dwelling” under the statute? Once you understand which material facts are at issue in the case you are reading, you can begin to compare them to the facts of the case you’re working on.
9. Understand the disposition
Typically at the end of an opinion, the court will announce the disposition of the case. It may say something as simple as “trial court ruling affirmed” or “appeal denied.” It is critical to understand the disposition of a case.
This is because your goal is to find cases with similar facts and laws that were decided in the way you want your client’s case to ultimately be decided.
If a case appears to be on point but reaches an opposite disposition from the one you want, then you’ll need to be able to distinguish that case from yours. If it reaches the result you desire, you’ll want to be able to make your case seem similar.
Here’s a thorough primer on understanding all aspects of a case, including the disposition.
10. Study the case until you can explain it to your grandmother
This is a tip that I, like most law students, received in the first week of law school. Case opinions can be long and incredibly complex. Sometimes, especially when you’re new to reading cases, you won’t really understand an opinion until you study it several times. How do you know when you finally “get it”?
If you ever asked your law school professor how to summarize a case, as I did, the invariable response will be that you should “be able to explain the case to your grandmother.”
Simply put: You must understand all the key components of the case (parties, facts, law, ruling) well enough that you can explain it in plain English. Master that, and you’ll be well on your way to a successful legal career.
Case summary example and breakdown
Now that we have some guidance, let’s explore a detailed case summary example and break down its key components to help you grasp the critical elements that make a good summary.
Case summary example
Case title: Johnson v. Smith
Case number: CV-2023-01234
Court: Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles
Judge: Hon. Emily Harris
Filing date: January 15, 2023
Parties involved:
- Plaintiff: Jane Johnson
- Defendant: Robert Smith
Attorneys:
- For plaintiff: Michael Anderson, Anderson & Partners
- For defendant: Susan Taylor, Taylor Law Firm
Facts of the case: Jane Johnson, the plaintiff, filed a lawsuit against Robert Smith, the defendant, alleging breach of contract. Johnson claims that Smith failed to deliver goods as per their agreement dated October 1, 2022. The contract specified the delivery of 1,000 units of electronic components to be delivered by December 31, 2022. Johnson asserts that Smith delivered only 600 units and failed to provide the remaining 400 units, causing her business significant financial losses.
Procedural history:
- January 15, 2023: Complaint filed by Johnson.
- February 10, 2023: Defendant Smith filed an answer denying the allegations and raising affirmative defenses, including force majeure due to supply chain disruptions.
- March 1, 2023: Case management conference held, and discovery schedule established.
Legal issues:
- Whether Robert Smith breached the contract by failing to deliver the remaining 400 units.
- Whether the force majeure clause in the contract exempts Smith from liability due to supply chain disruptions.
Rulings to date:
- April 15, 2023: The court denied Smith’s motion to dismiss, finding that Johnson’s complaint sufficiently stated a claim for breach of contract.
- May 20, 2023: The court granted Johnson’s motion to compel discovery, ordering Smith to produce documents related to his supply chain issues.
Current status: The case is in the discovery phase, with depositions scheduled for June and July 2023. A pre-trial conference is set for August 15, 2023.
Summary of arguments:
- Plaintiff’s argument: Johnson argues that Smith’s failure to deliver the agreed-upon goods constitutes a clear breach of contract, causing her business significant harm. She seeks damages for lost profits and costs incurred due to the breach.
- Defendant’s argument: Smith contends that the failure to deliver was due to unforeseen supply chain disruptions beyond his control, invoking the force majeure clause in the contract. He argues that this exempts him from liability.
Expected trial date: November 2023
Potential outcomes:
- If the court finds in favor of Johnson, Smith may be ordered to pay damages for the breach.
- If the court upholds Smith’s force majeure defense, the breach may be excused, and no damages awarded.
Conclusion: The case revolves around the interpretation and applicability of the force majeure clause in the contract. The outcome will hinge on whether the court believes the supply chain disruptions were unforeseeable and beyond Smith’s control, thus excusing the breach.
How to write and summarize a case
1. Case information
- Title, number, court, and judge: These details identify the case and its judicial context. This information is crucial for legal referencing and understanding the jurisdiction and authority overseeing the case.
2. Parties involved
- Plaintiff and defendant: Clearly naming the parties involved helps readers understand who is bringing the case and who is defending against it.
3. Attorneys
- Representation: Listing the attorneys provides insight into the legal teams, which can sometimes hint at the resources and legal strategies employed.
4. Facts of the case
- Background and claims: This section summarizes the core dispute, providing essential context. Here, Johnson claims a breach of contract due to incomplete delivery of goods.
5. Procedural history
- Timeline of events: Highlighting key procedural steps helps track the case’s progress through the legal system, from the initial filing to significant motions and rulings.
6. Legal issues
- Core legal questions: Identifying the main legal issues clarifies what the court needs to decide. In this case, it involves the breach of contract and the applicability of the force majeure clause.
7. Rulings to date
- Decisions so far: Summarizing interim rulings provides insight into how the case is evolving and the court’s stance on preliminary matters.
8. Current status
- Present phase: Updating the current status keeps readers informed about where the case stands, which in this example, is in the discovery phase.
9. Summary of arguments
- Plaintiff and defendant positions: Outlining the arguments from both sides gives a balanced view of the case’s merits and defenses, essential for understanding the stakes and possible outcomes.
10. Potential outcomes
- Possible decisions: Speculating on potential outcomes helps readers grasp the implications of the case and what each party stands to gain or lose.
11. Conclusion
- Final thoughts: Wrapping up the summary with a conclusion provides closure and highlights the case’s significance, especially in terms of broader legal principles or industry impact.
Conclusion
Understanding how to read and summarize legal cases is essential for any legal professional. It forms the bedrock of comprehensive legal research, aids in formulating case strategies, and ensures effective client counseling. =
By breaking down a case into its core components you can navigate complex legal documents with confidence.
This skill not only enhances your efficiency but also strengthens your ability to communicate persuasively in court.
Mastering the art of case summarization is a valuable competency that underpins success for attorneys in our industry.
